VASCULAR ULTRASOUND FOR POPLITEAL ARTERY ENTRAPMENT

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is an uncommon vascular condition that occurs when the calf muscles compress the main artery behind the knee (the popliteal artery). This artery is the main source of blood supply to the leg below the knee.

When the popliteal artery is compressed, blood flow is reduced, and you may experience pain and cramping in the back of the lower leg during exercise. The pain usually fades when you stop exercising, but repeated compression and release of the popliteal artery can eventually cause permanent damage to the artery wall.

WHO IS AT RISK FOR PAES?

You can be born with PAES. In this case, the calf muscle or artery are abnormally positioned during fetal development, which causes the popliteal artery to have an irregular path through the calf and be at risk of compression.

You can also develop it later in life. If your calf muscle is in the correct position but is bigger than normal, this can also cause compression of the artery.

Although PAES can affect both men and women, it’s most common in young male athletes 20-40 years of age with no associated vascular risk factors. You may be at higher risk if you are a runner, bicyclist, or athlete who tries to build muscle fast with weight-training routines or high-intensity circuit training.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF PAES?

The main symptom of PAES is pain or cramping in the calf that is brought on during exercise and improves with rest. Other signs and symptoms may include:

• Cold feet after exercise.
• Numbness in the calf area.
• Tingling or burning in your calf (paresthesia).

If the nearby vein (popliteal vein) also becomes trapped by the calf muscle, you may have:

• Blood clots in the lower leg.
• Changes in skin colour around the calf muscle.
• Cramping in the lower leg at during exercise.
• Heavy feeling in the leg.
• Swelling in the calf area.

Please speak to your health care practitioner if you have any type of leg pain, especially if you have calf or foot cramping during an activity that gets better with rest.

HOW IS POPLITEAL ARTERY ENTRAPMENT SYNDROME DIAGNOSED?

PAES can be challenging to diagnose because it’s relatively uncommon and it affects otherwise healthy young adults. The symptoms can also mimic other conditions, such as knee joint pain or other muscle-related problems. In many cases, a diagnosis is made via medical imaging using vascular ultrasound.

Using sound waves, a vascular ultrasound exam looks at the blood flow in your veins and arteries. High-frequency sound waves are transmitted from a handheld device called a probe or transducer that is placed on the body and moved around the area of interest. A gel is applied to the skin to aid in the movement of the transducer. The transducer collects the sounds that bounce back and a computer then uses those sound waves to create an image on a computer screen. Ultrasound exams are non-invasive, don’t use radiation, and images are captured in real-time, showing the movement of your blood flowing through your blood vessels.

For PAES, a vascular ultrasound exam can assess the popliteal artery with the calf in a neutral or relaxed position and in a flexed position, such as standing on tip toes, toes bent back, or toes pointed forward. Images can then be generated that help determine whether there is any compression or blockage of the popliteal artery that could indicate popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

This type of vascular ultrasound is safe and usually not painful. Occasionally, it may require pressure to ensure the best image of the area in question and might be temporarily uncomfortable, such as when an area of tenderness is scanned.

WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MY VASCULAR ULTRASOUND?

After your exam a specialized vascular radiologist will review your images and interpret them before forwarding a report to your referring physician. If there are any concerns with your results, a radiologist may speak directly with you or fax a report to your doctor. For non-urgent results, your doctor will receive a detailed report, which will outline your diagnosis, by the next business day following your exam. Your doctor will then discuss your results with you.

Vascular ultrasound imaging must be requested by a health care practitioner who will provide a requisition. Your medical and family history, risk factors, and type and duration of symptoms, all affect a referring physician’s decision on which type of imaging is appropriate.

When we receive your requisition Mayfair Diagnostics will contact you to schedule your exam and provide you with detailed information to prepare for it. Our more complex vascular studies, such as those to diagnose PAES, are performed at our Vascular Lab at our Sunridge location.

REFERENCES

Hicks, C.W. et al. (2019) “Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome.” Sage Journals. Accessed August 30, 2021.

John Hopkins University (2021) “Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome (PAES).” www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Accessed August 27, 2021.

Mayo Clinic Staff (2021) “Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome.” www.mayoclinic.org. Accessed August 27, 2021.

Radiological Society of North America (2021) “Ultrasound – Vascular.” www.radiologyinfo.org. Accessed August 30, 2021.